Conjunctions and linking words
Definition
Conjunctions and linkers connect words, phrases, clauses and larger ideas. And adds information, but contrasts it, or presents alternatives, while subordinating linkers such as because, although and when show relationships between clauses.
Examples
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Mina called and left a message.
And joins two coordinated verb phrases.
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The room was small but comfortable.
But introduces a contrast.
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You can wait here or come back later.
Or presents alternatives.
Coordination vs. subordination
I was tired, but I kept working.
Two grammatically equal clauses are linked.
Although I was tired, I kept working.
One clause is marked as dependent and expresses contrast.
Coordinating conjunctions join equal structures. Subordinating conjunctions introduce a dependent clause and specify its relationship to the main clause.
Linked elements should normally be parallel
When a conjunction joins items in a list or pair, the linked elements usually use matching grammatical forms.
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She likes reading, cooking and travelling.
All three linked activities use -ing forms.
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The role requires patience and attention to detail.
Two noun phrases are linked in parallel.
Common mistakes
He enjoys hiking and to swim.
He enjoys hiking and swimming.
Keep the coordinated forms parallel.
Although it was late, but we continued.
Although it was late, we continued.
Do not normally use although and but for the same contrast.
Quick check
Question 1 of 3
Which conjunction correctly expresses contrast?
But correctly links two contrasting adjectives.Which sentence has parallel coordinated forms?
Both coordinated activities use the -ing form.Which sentence correctly uses a subordinating conjunction?
Because + clause correctly introduces the reason.Nice work — you've completed the quick check.
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