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Reading Worksheet

The Chest Beneath the Bay

B1 Modals of Possibility: may, might, could History and Exploration 25 minutes
Before You Read

Discuss these questions with a partner before you read.

  • Have you ever found something unexpected? What was it?
  • What kinds of things do you think people lost at sea hundreds of years ago?
  • What would you do if you found a locked box with no key?
  • Why do you think old objects from the sea are interesting to scientists?
Key Vocabulary
Word Definition Example
sealed (adj.) closed so nothing can enter or escape The jar was sealed tightly so the food stayed fresh.
speculation (n.) guessing or forming ideas without firm evidence There was a lot of speculation about why the teacher was absent.
overboard (adv.) over the side of a boat and into the water A strong wave knocked the bag overboard.
pirate (n.) a sailor who attacks ships and steals their cargo The museum had a collection of weapons used by pirates.
archaeologist (n.) a scientist who studies the past by examining old objects and places The archaeologist found a coin that was over 2,000 years old.
navigational (adj.) relating to finding direction, especially at sea Old navigational instruments helped sailors cross the ocean before GPS existed.
Reading Text

The Chest Beneath the Bay

In March 2026, a team of Portuguese divers made a remarkable discovery near the island of Berlenga, off the coast of Portugal. Eighteen metres below the surface, they found a sealed wooden chest. Scientists believe it is approximately 400 years old. Nobody knows what is inside — or who it belonged to.

Where did it come from? It could be from a Portuguese trading ship. Many vessels were lost in these waters during the 17th century during storms and battles. It might have been dropped overboard in an emergency, or it may have fallen from the deck during rough seas. Some historians believe it may have come from a pirate vessel — there are records of piracy in this region during that period.

What might the chest contain? It could hold gold or silver coins — the most exciting possibility, of course. It might contain navigational instruments, which were extremely valuable at the time. Or it may simply hold personal belongings: letters, clothing, or tools. There is also another possibility: it could be completely empty. Chests were sometimes used as outer containers for smaller waterproof boxes stored inside.

Dr Lena Fischer, a marine archaeologist, spoke about the discovery. "We cannot be certain about anything yet," she said. "The chest may give us important information about trade routes in the Atlantic. It could change our understanding of life at sea during this period. But it might also turn out to be completely ordinary."

For now, the chest has not been opened. Specialists are studying it carefully before making any decisions. Whatever is inside, it may tell a story that has been waiting 400 years to be heard.

Notice the Grammar

Look at the article. Find three sentences that use 'may', 'might', or 'could'. Write them down. Why do you think the writer uses these words instead of 'will'?

1 Reading for Gist

Answer each question in a few words.

  1. Where was the chest found?
  2. How old do scientists think the chest is?
  3. Has the chest been opened yet?
2 Reading for Detail

Write short answers based on the article.

  1. What year did the divers find the chest?
  2. Give one reason the chest might have entered the water.
  3. What is one valuable thing the chest might contain, according to the article?
  4. What is Dr Fischer's job?  a) She is a historian. b) She is a marine archaeologist. c) She is a Portuguese diver. 
  5. Why have specialists not opened the chest yet?
3 True, False, or Not Given

Write T (True), F (False), or NG (Not Given) for each statement.

  1. The chest was found 18 metres below the surface.
  2. Scientists are certain the chest came from a pirate vessel.
  3. The island of Berlenga is a popular tourist destination.
  4. Dr Fischer thinks the chest could provide information about Atlantic trade routes.
  5. The chest definitely contains personal belongings.
4 Vocabulary in Context

Answer these questions about words from the article.

  1. In paragraph 1, 'sealed' means the chest is...  a) very large and heavy. b) closed so nothing can get in or out. c) covered in seaweed and barnacles. 
  2. In paragraph 2, 'vessels' means ships. Find another word in the same paragraph that also means ships or boats.
  3. Find a word in paragraph 3 that means 'tools used for finding direction at sea'. 
  4. In the last paragraph, what does 'it may tell a story that has been waiting 400 years to be heard' mean? Write your own definition.
5 Grammar in Context

Complete these activities about modals of possibility.

  1. Find four sentences in the article that use 'may', 'might', or 'could' to express speculation. Write them below.
    a)  b)  c)  d) 
  2. The article uses 'may', 'might', and 'could' — not 'will'. What does this tell us about the writer's certainty?
  3. Which sentence expresses possibility, not certainty?  a) The chest will contain gold coins. b) The chest might contain gold coins. c) The chest contains gold coins. 
  4. Rewrite each sentence to express possibility. Use may, might, or could. (a) The chest is from a trading ship. (b) It contains navigational instruments. (c) The discovery changes our understanding.
  5. Imagine an old object was found near your school. Write three sentences speculating about what it is or where it came from. Use may, might, and could — one in each sentence.
Personal Response — Discuss with a partner

Discuss with a partner. Share one idea with the class.

  1. If you could ask the divers one question about the chest, what would you ask?
  2. Would you open the chest immediately or wait and study it first? Why?
  3. What is a mystery from your country's history that has never been fully explained?

Answer Key

The Chest Beneath the Bay — B1 — Modals of Possibility: may, might, could

Exercise 1 — Reading for Gist

  1. Eighteen metres below the surface near the island of Berlenga, Portugal.
  2. Approximately 400 years old.
  3. No, it has not been opened yet.

Exercise 2 — Reading for Detail

  1. 2026.
  2. It might have been dropped overboard in an emergency / it may have fallen from the deck during rough seas.
  3. Navigational instruments (or gold/silver coins).
  4. b)
  5. They are studying it carefully before making any decisions.

Exercise 3 — True, False, or Not Given

  1. T — Paragraph 1 states: 'Eighteen metres below the surface, they found a sealed wooden chest.'
  2. F — The article says it 'may have come from a pirate vessel' — this is speculation, not certainty.
  3. NG — Tourism is not mentioned anywhere in the article.
  4. T — Paragraph 4: 'The chest may give us important information about trade routes in the Atlantic.'
  5. F — The article says it 'may simply hold personal belongings' — this is one possibility, not a confirmed fact.

Exercise 4 — Vocabulary in Context

  1. b)
  2. ships (or 'vessel' in context — both 'vessels' and 'ships' appear in paragraph 2)
  3. navigational instruments
  4. The chest might contain objects or clues that reveal something about life or events 400 years ago — something that has been unknown (or 'silent') until now.

Exercise 5 — Grammar in Context

  1. Any four sentences from the article using may/might/could, e.g.: 'It could be from a Portuguese trading ship.' / 'It might have been dropped overboard in an emergency.' / 'It could hold gold or silver coins.' / 'The chest may give us important information about trade routes.'
  2. The writer is not certain. These modals express possibility — something is possible but not known for sure. Using 'will' would suggest certainty, which the writer does not have.
  3. b)
  4. (a) The chest may / might / could be from a trading ship. (b) It may / might / could contain navigational instruments. (c) The discovery may / might / could change our understanding.
  5. Answers will vary. Check: may/might/could + base infinitive. All sentences should express speculation — not certainty. Example: 'It might

Notice the Grammar — suggested answers

Accept any five correct examples from the article that use the target grammar. Students should be able to explain why the grammar is used in each case.

Personal Response

Answers will vary. This section is for spoken discussion or short written response. There are no single correct answers.