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Reading Worksheet

The Missing Painting

B1 Modals of Deduction: must, can't, might (present and past) Mystery and Crime 25 minutes
Before You Read

Discuss these questions with a partner before you read.

  • Have you ever watched a crime drama or read a detective story? What did you enjoy about it?
  • What do you think makes a good detective?
  • Can you think of a time when you worked something out from clues — without being told the answer directly?
  • What is the difference between knowing something and thinking something is probably true?
Key Vocabulary
Word Definition Example
deduction (n.) a conclusion reached through reasoning from evidence The detective made a deduction based on the muddy footprints near the door.
theft (n.) the crime of stealing The theft of the bicycle was reported to the police on Monday morning.
security code (n.) a number used to activate or deactivate an alarm Only staff members know the security code for the building.
witness (n.) a person who sees something happen A witness told the police she had seen a man running from the shop.
evidence (n.) facts that help prove something The muddy boots were important evidence in the investigation.
proof (n.) evidence so strong it removes all doubt The police had suspicions, but they needed proof before they could make an arrest.
Reading Text

The Missing Painting

Detective Inspector Rosa Marín arrived at the Galería del Sol in Seville on Friday morning. A valuable painting — a small oil portrait worth €80,000 — had disappeared. According to the gallery's records, the theft happened between 6pm and 8pm on Thursday evening. The building was locked during that time, and only three people have keys: the owner, Mr Delgado; the security guard, Carlos; and a cleaner named Lupe.

Rosa examined the evidence carefully. The alarm did not go off during the night. "The thief must know the security code," she said. "It can't have been a stranger — a stranger wouldn't have that information." The security camera outside showed that the gallery lights were on until 7:15pm. "Someone must have been inside after closing time," Rosa noted.

The gallery's records showed that Lupe, the cleaner, clocked out at 5:30pm — thirty minutes before the gallery closed. "She can't have taken the painting," Rosa said. "She was already gone when the theft happened." Near the back door, Rosa noticed muddy footprints on the floor. "The thief must have entered through the garden," she concluded.

On the windowsill, Rosa found a coffee cup — still faintly warm. "Someone might have been watching the gallery for days," she said quietly. The owner, Mr Delgado, was easy to rule out: six witnesses confirmed he was at a dinner across the city from 6pm onwards. "He can't be the thief," Rosa said.

That left Carlos, the security guard. He had called in sick that day — but he lived only five minutes from the gallery. "He might have returned later," Rosa said. "I need to speak to him." She reached for her phone. Rosa was careful, though. "The evidence is clear about some things and uncertain about others. I must be careful — deductions are not proof."

Notice the Grammar

Look at paragraph 2. Find the sentences with 'must', 'can't', and 'must have'. Why does Rosa use these words? What do they tell us about how certain she is?

1 Reading for Gist

Answer each question in a few words.

  1. What was stolen from the gallery?
  2. When did the theft happen?
  3. Who is Detective Inspector Rosa Marín investigating?
2 Reading for Detail

Write short answers based on the article.

  1. How many people have keys to the gallery?
  2. Why does Rosa say it 'can't have been a stranger'?
  3. What did Rosa find near the back door?
  4. Why is Mr Delgado ruled out as a suspect?  a) He was asleep at home all evening. b) Six witnesses confirmed he was at a dinner across the city. c) He doesn't have a key to the gallery. 
  5. Why does Rosa want to speak to Carlos?
3 True, False, or Not Given

Write T (True), F (False), or NG (Not Given) for each statement.

  1. The gallery lights were on until 7:15pm on Thursday.
  2. Lupe the cleaner is suspected of taking the painting.
  3. The gallery has been robbed before.
  4. Rosa found a coffee cup near the window.
  5. Carlos was definitely at home when the painting was stolen.
4 Vocabulary in Context

Answer these questions about words from the article.

  1. In paragraph 1, 'clocked out' most likely means...  a) ran away quickly. b) officially recorded the time she finished work. c) forgot to lock the door. 
  2. Rosa says 'deductions are not proof.' In your own words, what is the difference between a deduction and proof?
  3. Find a word in paragraph 3 that means 'decided something was not involved or guilty'. 
  4. In paragraph 2, Rosa says 'It can't have been a stranger.' What does 'can't have been' tell us about her level of certainty? Write your own explanation.
5 Grammar in Context

Complete these activities about modals of deduction.

  1. Find examples of deduction modals in the article. Write one sentence for each: (a) Two sentences using 'must have' (certain positive past deduction) (b) Two sentences using 'can't have' or 'can't be' (certain negative deduction) (c) One sentence using 'might have' (uncertain past deduction)
    a) must have (x2):  b) can't have / can't be (x2):  c) might have (x1): 
  2. Rosa says 'Deductions are not proof.' What is the difference between a deduction with 'must have' and actual proof?
  3. The cleaner left at 5:30pm. The theft happened at 6pm. What can we deduce?  a) She might have taken the painting. b) She can't have taken the painting. c) She must have taken the painting. 
  4. Complete each deduction sentence with the correct modal. (a) The lights were on — someone was inside. → 'Someone ___ have been inside.' (b) The alarm didn't go off — the thief knows the code. → 'The thief ___ know the security code.' (c) The guard called in sick, but he lives nearby — he may have returned. → 'The guard ___ have returned later.'
  5. Imagine you find these things in an empty room: a cold cup of tea, an open book, a coat on the chair, and muddy boots. Write three deduction sentences using must, can't, and might.
Personal Response — Discuss with a partner

Discuss with a partner. Share one idea with the class.

  1. Do you think Carlos took the painting? What is your reasoning?
  2. Rosa says 'deductions are not proof'. Do you think the police should be able to arrest someone based on deductions alone? Why or why not?
  3. Think of a mystery — real or fictional — that you find interesting. What deductions can you make about it?

Answer Key

The Missing Painting — B1 — Modals of Deduction: must, can't, might (present and past)

Exercise 1 — Reading for Gist

  1. A valuable oil painting worth €80,000.
  2. Between 6pm and 8pm on Thursday evening.
  3. She is investigating the theft of the painting and suspects Carlos, the security guard.

Exercise 2 — Reading for Detail

  1. Three people: the owner (Mr Delgado), the security guard (Carlos), and the cleaner (Lupe).
  2. Because a stranger wouldn't know the security code, and the alarm did not go off.
  3. Muddy footprints.
  4. b)
  5. He called in sick that day but lives close to the gallery, so he might have returned later.

Exercise 3 — True, False, or Not Given

  1. T — Paragraph 2 states: 'The security camera outside showed that the gallery lights were on until 7:15pm.'
  2. F — Rosa says 'She can't have taken the painting — she was already gone when the theft happened.'
  3. NG — Previous thefts are not mentioned anywhere in the article.
  4. T — Paragraph 4 states: 'On the windowsill, Rosa found a coffee cup — still faintly warm.'
  5. F — Carlos called in sick, but the article says he might have returned later — his whereabouts are not confirmed.

Exercise 4 — Vocabulary in Context

  1. b)
  2. A deduction is a logical conclusion based on evidence — it is very likely, but not 100% certain. Proof removes all doubt.
  3. rule out
  4. 'Can't have been' means Rosa is almost completely certain it was NOT a stranger — based on the evidence (the alarm didn't go off, so the thief knew the code).

Exercise 5 — Grammar in Context

  1. Any matching sentences from the article, e.g.: a) 'Someone must have been inside after closing time.' / 'The thief must have entered through the garden.' b) 'It can't have been a stranger.' / 'She can't have taken the painting.' / 'He can't be the thief.' c) 'He might have returned later.' / 'Someone might have been watching the gallery for days.'
  2. 'Must have' expresses near certainty based on evidence — it is very likely, but not 100% certain. Proof removes all doubt. Deduction is a logical conclusion from evidence, but evidence can sometimes be misleading.
  3. b)
  4. (a) must. (b) must. (c) might / could.
  5. Answers will vary. Check: must / can't / might + be or have + past participle. Encourage logical reasoning from evidence, e.g.: 'Someone mu

Notice the Grammar — suggested answers

Accept any five correct examples from the article that use the target grammar. Students should be able to explain why the grammar is used in each case.

Personal Response

Answers will vary. This section is for spoken discussion or short written response. There are no single correct answers.