Reading Worksheet ⇆ Set printer to double-sided before printing
Reading Worksheet

Objects From the Past

B2 Modals of Deduction: must have, can't have, might have (past deduction) History and Archaeology 25 minutes
Before You Read

Discuss these questions with a partner before you read.

  • Have you ever visited an archaeological site or a history museum? What did you find most interesting?
  • If you found a strange object buried in your garden, what would you do with it?
  • How do you think archaeologists work out what ancient objects were used for?
  • Why do you think some objects last for thousands of years while others disappear?
Key Vocabulary
Word Definition Example
artefact (n.) an object made by humans, especially one of historical interest The museum displayed artefacts from an ancient Egyptian tomb.
ceramic (adj.) made from clay that has been fired at high temperature The ceramic pot was found intact despite being buried for centuries.
ritual (adj./n.) relating to a religious or ceremonial practice The stones were arranged in a circle and were probably used for ritual purposes.
symmetry (n.) the quality of being exactly the same on both sides The symmetry of the building's design showed the architects were highly skilled.
pendant (n.) a piece of jewellery that hangs from a chain She wore a small gold pendant around her neck.
workmanship (n.) the skill and quality with which something is made The fine workmanship of the ancient sword suggested it belonged to a wealthy warrior.
Reading Text

Objects From the Past

In early 2026, a team of archaeologists uncovered four unusual objects at a dig site in southern Turkey — a location that predates any known civilisation in the region by several centuries. Each object raises more questions than it answers. Dr Esin Yildiz, the project's lead archaeologist, explains what they might tell us.

Object 1 — A ceramic bowl with geometric patterns: "This bowl must have been made by a skilled craftsperson — the symmetry is too precise to be accidental. The design can't have been purely decorative. Similar patterns at other sites have been associated with ritual use. It might have contained food or liquid for a ceremony of some kind."

Object 2 — A small bronze disc with a hole in the centre: "It could have been a coin, but coins weren't used in this region until 500 years later — it can't have been currency. It must have had a different purpose, perhaps a pendant or a measuring tool. The quality of the workmanship suggests it might have belonged to someone of high status."

Object 3 — Charred animal bones beside a stone structure: "Animals must have been cooked here — the heat patterns in the bones are unmistakeable. This can't have been accidental. It must have been a deliberate gathering place, possibly used for feasting or for ritual purposes."

Object 4 — A fragment of cloth preserved in clay: "Textile preservation this old is exceptionally rare. The weave is remarkably complex — this might have been a garment worn only on special occasions. It can't have been everyday clothing — the fibres are too fine for regular use."

Dr Yildiz paused. "Every object raises more questions than it answers," she said. "But every deduction brings us closer to understanding who these people were."

Notice the Grammar

Look at paragraphs 2 and 3. Find three sentences using 'must have', 'can't have', or 'might have'. For each one, decide: is the archaeologist very certain, certain something did NOT happen, or uncertain? What evidence supports each deduction?

1 Reading for Gist

Answer each question in a few words.

  1. Where were the four objects found?
  2. Who is Dr Esin Yildiz?
  3. What makes this dig site particularly significant?
2 Reading for Detail

Write short answers based on the article.

  1. Why does Dr Yildiz say the bowl 'can't have been purely decorative'?
  2. Why is the bronze disc unlikely to have been a coin?
  3. What does the evidence of charred bones tell the archaeologists?
  4. Why does Dr Yildiz say the cloth 'can't have been everyday clothing'?  a) It was found in a cooking area. b) The fibres are too fine for regular use. c) The colour suggests it was ceremonial. 
  5. What possible purpose does Dr Yildiz suggest for the bronze disc, apart from being a coin?
3 True, False, or Not Given

Write T (True), F (False), or NG (Not Given) for each statement.

  1. The dig site in Turkey is older than any previously known civilisation in that region.
  2. The archaeologists are certain the ceramic bowl was used in religious ceremonies.
  3. The dig has been reported in several international newspapers.
  4. The charred bones were found next to a stone structure.
  5. The fragment of cloth was the most common type of textile found at the site.
4 Vocabulary in Context

Answer these questions about words from the article.

  1. In paragraph 2, 'precise' most likely means...  a) very exact and accurate. b) large and difficult to make. c) old and worn from use. 
  2. Dr Yildiz says the workmanship suggests the disc 'might have belonged to someone of high status'. What does 'high status' mean in this context?
  3. Find a word in paragraph 5 that means 'extremely' or 'unusually'. 
  4. In paragraph 4, Dr Yildiz says the heat patterns in the bones are 'unmistakeable'. What does this word suggest about her level of certainty? Write your own explanation.
5 Grammar in Context

Complete these activities about past modals of deduction.

  1. Find examples of past deduction modals in the article. Write one sentence for each: (a) Two sentences using 'must have' (strong positive deduction about the past) (b) Two sentences using 'can't have' (strong negative deduction about the past) (c) One sentence using 'might have' or 'could have' (uncertain past deduction)
    a) must have (x2):  b) can't have (x2):  c) might have / could have (x1): 
  2. The archaeologists use 'must have been made' and 'can't have been currency'. Both are strong deductions. What is the difference between them?
  3. Which sentence is the correct strong negative past deduction?  a) The disc must have been currency — coins weren't used yet. b) The disc can't have been currency — coins weren't used yet. c) The disc might have been currency — coins weren't used yet. 
  4. Complete each past deduction sentence with the correct modal. (a) 'The bowl was clearly made by a skilled person.' → 'The bowl ___ have been made by a skilled craftsperson.' (b) 'Coins didn't exist here yet — the disc was definitely not currency.' → 'The disc ___ have been currency.' (c) 'Perhaps the cloth was worn on special occasions.' → 'The cloth ___ have been worn on special occasions.'
  5. Imagine you find a locked metal box from the 1800s containing old photographs, a small key, and a letter written in an unknown language. Write three past deduction sentences using must have, can't have, and might have.
Personal Response — Discuss with a partner

Discuss with a partner. Share one idea with the class.

  1. Which of the four objects do you find most interesting, and why?
  2. Dr Yildiz says 'every object raises more questions than it answers'. Do you think this is frustrating or exciting? Why?
  3. Is there an ancient place or civilisation from your country or region that you find particularly fascinating? What do we still not know about it?

Answer Key

Objects From the Past — B2 — Modals of Deduction: must have, can't have, might have (past deduction)

Exercise 1 — Reading for Gist

  1. At a dig site in southern Turkey.
  2. The lead archaeologist on the project.
  3. It predates any known civilisation in the region by several centuries.

Exercise 2 — Reading for Detail

  1. Because similar patterns at other sites have been associated with ritual use.
  2. Coins weren't used in the region until 500 years later.
  3. That animals must have been cooked there deliberately — the heat patterns are unmistakeable.
  4. b)
  5. A pendant or a measuring tool.

Exercise 3 — True, False, or Not Given

  1. T — Paragraph 1 states the location 'predates any known civilisation in the region by several centuries.'
  2. F — Dr Yildiz says it 'might have contained food or liquid for a ceremony' — this is a possibility, not a confirmed fact.
  3. NG — Media coverage is not mentioned anywhere in the article.
  4. T — Paragraph 4 states: 'Charred animal bones beside a stone structure.'
  5. F — Dr Yildiz says 'textile preservation this old is exceptionally rare' — it is unusual, not common.

Exercise 4 — Vocabulary in Context

  1. a)
  2. Someone important or powerful in their society — perhaps a leader, priest, or wealthy person.
  3. exceptionally
  4. 'Unmistakeable' means there is no other possible interpretation — she is completely sure. This is why she uses 'must have' rather than 'might have' for this deduction.

Exercise 5 — Grammar in Context

  1. Any matching sentences from the article, e.g.: a) 'This bowl must have been made by a skilled craftsperson.' / 'Animals must have been cooked here.' / 'It must have had a different purpose.' b) 'The design can't have been purely decorative.' / 'It can't have been currency.' / 'It can't have been everyday clothing.' c) 'It might have contained food or liquid for a ceremony.' / 'It might have belonged to someone of high status.' / 'It could have been a coin.' / 'This might have been a garment worn only on special occasions.'
  2. 'Must have been' = a strong positive deduction — based on evidence, the speaker is almost certain this IS what happened. 'Can't have been' = a strong negative deduction — based on evidence, the speaker is almost certain this did NOT happen.
  3. b)
  4. (a) must. (b) can't. (c) might / could.
  5. Answers will vary. Check: must / can't / might + have + past participle. Deductions should be logically justified, e.g.: 'The box must have

Notice the Grammar — suggested answers

Accept any five correct examples from the article that use the target grammar. Students should be able to explain why the grammar is used in each case.

Personal Response

Answers will vary. This section is for spoken discussion or short written response. There are no single correct answers.