Grammar Worksheet — Intro
Advanced Gerunds and Infinitives
Explanation
Advanced gerund and infinitive patterns often show time, voice, or a change in meaning.
Use perfect forms to show that the action happened earlier: to have done, having done.
Use passive forms when the subject receives the action: to be informed, being criticised, having been selected.
Form
| Use | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Core form | Perfect infinitive | She claims to have seen the document. |
| Variation | Passive gerund | He resented being criticised publicly. |
| Advanced form | Perfect passive gerund | Having been selected, the team began training. |
Remember + -ing refers to a memory of a past action; remember + to-infinitive refers to an obligation.
Stop + -ing means end an activity; stop + to-infinitive means pause in order to do something.
Examples
- She claims to have seen the document.
- He resented being criticised publicly.
- The team was proud to have been selected.
- I remember signing the agreement.
- Please remember to sign the agreement.
- They stopped discussing the issue.
- They stopped to discuss the issue.
- Having completed the course, she applied for promotion.
Common Mistakes
- She claims seeing the document yesterday. → She claims to have seen the document yesterday. Use perfect infinitive after claim for an earlier action.
- He resented to be criticised publicly. → He resented being criticised publicly. Resent is followed by a gerund.
- The team was proud having been selected. → The team was proud to have been selected. Use proud + perfect infinitive.
- Please remember signing the form before you leave. → Please remember to sign the form before you leave. Use remember to for a future obligation.